Read Online The Sports Gene: Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance By David Epstein
Best The Sports Gene: Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance By David Epstein
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Ebook About The New York Times bestseller – with a new afterword about early specialization in youth sports – by the author of Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World. The debate is as old as physical competition. Are stars like Usain Bolt, Michael Phelps, and Serena Williams genetic freaks put on Earth to dominate their respective sports? Or are they simply normal people who overcame their biological limits through sheer force of will and obsessive training? In this controversial and engaging exploration of athletic success and the so-called 10,000-hour rule, David Epstein tackles the great nature vs. nurture debate and traces how far science has come in solving it. Through on-the-ground reporting from below the equator and above the Arctic Circle, revealing conversations with leading scientists and Olympic champions, and interviews with athletes who have rare genetic mutations or physical traits, Epstein forces us to rethink the very nature of athleticism.Book The Sports Gene: Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance Review :
A great addition to the nature vs nurture debate, this book focuses on specific differences in genetics to analyze how material these effects are on athletic performance. The first third of the book starts a little slow but the reader is well advised to stay with it. Ultimately, the author concludes that a mix of genes, body types and hard work lead to gold medal performance.The three real strengths of this book are 1) the fascinating examination of how pronounced high achievement clusters around certain ethnic groups 2) how different body types lead to sport specific excellence and 3) how well the author intertwines science with sports narrative to make a very entertaining read.Examples of 1: In every Olympics since 1980, every finalist in the 100 meters has had West African ancestry. The author hypothesizes that this achievement is due to an adaptation that has mutated the ACTN3 gene to defend against malaria by limiting hemoglobin. This creates an environment great for sprinting but poor for long distances. Or, for long distance running, 17 American men have ever run a marathon in less than 2:10 while 32 Kalenjin men accomplished that mark in October 2011 alone.2: Kalenjin boys are two inches shorter than Danish boys yet have longer legs creating a better pendulum effect when running long distances. Interestingly, it is thought that long and thin body types are optimal for low latitude, hot and dry environments since it allows for better cooling. Swimmers tend to be taller than sprinters but have shorter legs which allows the body cavity to act as a canoe in the water. In the 2010 NBA season, only two players had shorter arms than their height and the average arm length to height ratio was an abnormal 1.063.3: Jerome Bettis had his nose broken during a game, had it patched up by having cotton balls inserted in his nose and then had those cotton balls propelled into his stomach after sustaining a vicious hit. Dennis Rodman was let go from his job as an airport janitor and then cleaning cars at an Oldsmobile dealer before a very fortuitous growth spurt. This book is subtitled “Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance.” In a word, the book itself is extraordinary. I have had a long interest in mostly all sports, have participated in many, and refereed basketball for many years. I have seen every level of ability and am drawn to stories of human performance, endurance, and physical improvement. I have seen enormous talent and am particularly intrigued by those who excel at the highest levels. Thus, I was inclined to find this work interesting. I found it to be even better than anticipated. Epstein captivated me with his anecdotes, analysis of clinical studies, and superb writing. I wholeheartedly endorse his work.Epstein marvelously explains complex genetic processes and their effect on physiology while simultaneously discussing the influence of culture and environment on elite performance. Nature and nurture deftly described. Examples of each influence and their interplay abound, such as Albert Pujols’ inability to hit a woman pitching underhand; the trainability of a young Jim Ryan who couldn’t make his junior high track team yet became the first sub-four minute high school runner in a few short years; the remarkable sprinting of Jamaicans and the comparably astounding endurance of Kenyan and Ethiopian runners. These are just a few of the many fascinating performers highlighted in the book.On the nature side, the author reports on the genetic research that reveals the role of genes and resulting physical capacities and/or weaknesses in areas such as visual acuity, muscle growth, limb length, fast and slow twitch muscles, aerobic capacity, oxygen usage and efficiency, energy efficiency based on body structure, testosterone, doping, and several others.In respect to nurture, Epstein reports on studies describing the effect of geography, altitude, family, income, poverty, culture, motivation, drive, the 10,000 hours practice concept, etc. In every instance of performance there is a confluence of factors from both nature and nurture, the precise amount of each varying with individuals and being practically impossible to tease out. Researchers, however, continue to make new discoveries and fortunately there is a David Epstein reporting on and explaining the implications of this complex work.While some gene mutations can enhance performance significantly , other mutations, as is well known, cause disease. The boundary line between these vastly different outcomes is not always or automatically clear. Epstein addresses this topic with feeling and candor as he describes sudden heart disease in young athletes, one of whom was a teammate and close friend. He also elucidates some of the genes implicated in brain insult along with injuries that result from damaged ligaments and tendons.I had never read anything by David Epstein previously. His reporting of difficult scientific material was so clear, instructive and eminently readable that I will easily and eagerly reach for his next effort. 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